Laminar heavy metal aluminosilicates

ABSTRACT

Laminar 2 : 1 layer-lattice aluminosilicate minerals containing intra-lattice multivalent ions such as nickel, copper, cobalt and others. The minerals are particularly useful in catalytic operations. Procedures for preparing the inventive minerals are given.

United States Patent [1 1 [111 3,852,405 Granquist Dec. 3, 1974 LAMINAR HEAVY METAL 3,252,757 5/1966 Granquist 252/455 R ALUMINOSILICATES 3,729,429 4/1973 Robson 252/455 R [75] Inventor: William T. Granquist, Houston,

Tex, Primary ExaminerC. Does [73] Assigneez N L Industries Inc. New York Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Delmar H. Larsen; Roy F. NY House; Fred Floersheimer 22 Filed: Sept. 22, 1972 [21] Appl. No.: 291,252 [57] ABSTRACT 52 CL l 423 1 252/455 R, 208/120, Laminar 2 1 layer-lattice aluminosilicate minerals 423/328 containing intra-lattice multivalent ions such as nickel, 5 Int CL o 3 2 cg 33/28 B01]- 11/4O copper, cobalt and others. The minerals are particu- [58] Field of Search 252/455 R; 423/118, 328, larly useful in catalytic Operations" Procedures for p 423/329 paring the inventive minerals are given.

[56] References Cited 15 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure I UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,759,919 9 5/1930 Singer 423/328 1 LAMINAR HEAVY METAL ALUMINOSILICATES This invention relates to nickel aluminosilicates, and more particularly to a novel group of mixed layer laminar heavy metal aluminosilicates and to their employment in catalytic reactions.

Compounds of alumina and silica of the most diverse types not only occur in nature but have been variously compounded and synthesized, and have been found to have varying degrees of catalytic activity for such reactions as hydrocarbon cracking, hydrocarbon reforming, various organic syntheses and conversions, and the like. The make-up of this very broad class of substances varies not only with respect to composition, but with respect to crystallinity, and encompasses such members as relatively amorphous silica-alumina cracking catalysts, relatively well crystallized acid-activated clays, highly crystalline zeolite minerals, both natural and synthesized, and others. A particular type furnishing a background for the present invention is that described in US. Pat. No. 3,252,757, issued May 24, 1966, and describing a mixed layer laminar silicate mineral, which has been found to have utility as a catalyst for many kinds of catalytic reactions.

Because of the very broad range of possible substances derived primarily from alumina and silica, it is t not surprising that research in this broad field over nearly a century continues to yield novel types with, in some cases, surprising and unexpected properties, with suitability for particular reactions not shared by other members of the broad group.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel group of heavy metal aluminosilicates and processes for making them.

Another object of the invention is to provide a novel group of aluminesilicate catalysts, having useful catalytic characteristics.

Other objects of the invention will become apparent as the description thereof proceeds.

Generally speaking and in accordance with illustrative embodiments of my invention, 1 provide a laminar, 2 l layer-lattice aluminosilicate mineral containing varying degrees of substitution in both six-fold and four-fold coordinated structural sites and corresponding to the following overall formula for a given prepara tion: l am 3.0 (Qs 1 I 04-; 1 l'l dO] where 0.01 5 w 5 2 0.02 S ew S 4 0.05 s-x s 2.0

f s 4 and where G is at least 0.8 mol fraction aluminum ion, the remainder consisting of trivalent metal cations having an ionic radius not to exceed 0.75 A;

Y is selected from the class consisting of divalent metallic ions having anionic radius not to exceed 0.75 A and mixtures thereof;

Q is at least 0.95 mol fraction silicon ions, the remainder consisting of tetravalent ions having an ionic radius not to exceed 0.64 A;

R is selected from the group consisting of trivalent ions having an ionic radius not to exceed 0.64 A and mixtures thereof, and

C is at least one charge-balancing cation, with y being its valence and d being the number of such cations C where:

In the above statement of the nature of G, Y, Q, and R, it will be noted that those substituents other than aluminum and silicon are designated in terms of ionic radius and ionic charge. It is further clear from the formulation given that G, while consisting predominantly of aluminum ions, may include a minor proportion of trivalent ions isomorphously substituted for some of the aluminum ions without affecting; the overall charge; and that Y consists of divalent metallic ions either isomorphously substituted for a like number of aluminum ions, whereby a charge deficit results, or substituted on the basis of three divalent ions for two aluminum trivalent ions with no resulting charge deficit, or a mixture of both. In like manner, it is clear that Q, while consisting predominantly of silicon ions, may include a minor proportion of tetravelent ions isomorphously substituted for some of the silicon ions without affecting the overall'charge; while R consists of trivalent ions isomorphously substituted for a like number of silicon ions, whereby a charge deficit results from the substitution of a trivalent ion for a tetravalent ion.

The specific elements which are included in the above formulation other than aluminum and silicon are relatively small in number, because of the limitations imposed by the stipulated ionic charge and ionic radius.

For the sake of convenience, a tabulation follows in which the elements usable in accordance with the invention are listed. It will be clear that this listing results from checking each element against its known valence states and its known ionic radius for each applicable valence state, taking into account the coordination number where the latter affects the ionic radius. Tables of ionic radius for various elements have appeared in the literature during the last half century, and in the case of disparity among the values given for a specified element, the best value has been chosen in the light of all of the known data, and this best value is the one which appears in the tables which follow.

G: Trivalent Maximum 075 A Aluminum (Al) 0.50 Chromium (Cr) 0.64 Manganese (Mn) 0.62 Iron (Fe) 0.60 Cobalt (Co) 0.63 Gallium (Ga) 0.62 Rhodium (Rh) 0.68 Scandium (Sc) 0.73

Y: Divalent Maximum 0.75 A Beryllium (Be) 0.3l Iron (Fe) 0.75 Magnesium (Mg) 0.65 Nickel (Ni) 0.69 Cobalt (Co) 072 Copper (Cu) 0.72 Zinc (Zn) 0.74

O: Tetravalent Maximum 0.64 A Silicon (Si) 0.41 Germanium (Ge) 0.53

R: Trivalent Maximum 0.64 A Aluminum (Al) 0.50

Chromium (Cr) 0.64 Manganese (Mn) 0.62 Iron (Fe) 0.60 Cobalt (Co) 0.63 Gallium ((1a) 0.62

Returning now to the formulation given hereinabove,

the first bracket represents the laminar layer-lattice unit cell formulation, which as was explained hereinabove possesses an inherent negative charge by reason of the fact that the positive charges of the cations are less than the negative charges of the anions. Since the inventive preparation as a whole is electrostatically neutral, the charge-balancing cations which are necessarily present are external to the lattice and are represented by the second bracket, in which C stands for the charge balancing cations taken as a whole, with y being their average charge and d being the number of chargebalancing cations per unit cell. It will be recognized that in this formulation, C may actually correspond to a large variety of charge-balancing cations simultaneously present, such as for example a mixture of hydrogen, sodium, calcium, and the like cations.

In accordance with a more particular formulation, the composition of the charge-balancing cations in the second bracket may conveniently be represented as follows:

and M is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, ammonium, alkali metal cations, multivalent metal cations other than aluminum, and partial hydroxides of multivalent metal cations, and n is the unsatisfied valence of M.

ence. However, since these charge-balancing cations are essentially exchangeable without disturbing the lattice itself, the latter being represented by the first bracket, after having made a given preparation in accordance with the invention by a preferred procedure, it is relatively simple to exchange a portion or indeed substantially all of the cations in the second bracket for some other preselected cation or mixture of cations. Thus, for example, referring to the first general formulation given hereinabove, the chargebalancing cation C can at will be selected from such diverse species of lithium, rubidium, palladium, hydroxyaluminum, hydroxynickel, trimethylammonium, alkyl phosphonium, and the like cations and indeed mixtures thereof. Thus, C may be selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, heavy metal, heavy metal partial hydroxide, ammonium, substituted ammonium, substituted phosphonium, and the like cations and mixtures thereof.

Those skilled in the art will recognize, accordingly, that the first bracket of the above formula relates to a fixed array of ions in a tripartite lamina which for convenience may be described as muscovite-like, and in which the positive ions shown in the first parenthesis are in octahedral coordination with sheets comprising oxygen, hydroxyl, and fluoride ions; whereas the positive ions shown in the second parenthesis in the first bracket are in tetrahedral coordination jointly with the aforesaid sheets of oxygen, hydroxyl, and fluoride ions, and also with sheets of oxygen ions in essentially a hexagonal ring array, constituting the external faces of the tripartite lamina. The positive ions shown in the second bracket have no essentially fixed position, but are in effect external to the lattice of the tripartite lamina.

Those skilled in the art will also recognize that when some of the parameters in the above formulations have values outside of the stipulated ranges, the formulations reduce to representations of various end members of a broad group of laminar aluminosilicates, which of course are outside of the scope of the present invention. Thus, for example, when wand x both equal zero, and no fluoride ion is present, the first bracket describes the mineral pyrophyllite. From the first equation set forth under the formula, it will be seen that the factor d is equal to zero, so that the ionic species set forth in the second bracket are not present, which of course results from the fact that the lattice of pyrophyllite is charge-balanced. Again, for the case in which x equals zero, w equals two, e equals two, and no fluoride is present, a mineral results in which the lattice is likewise chargqbalanced, and the ionic species set forth in the second bracket are not present. Such a mineral is described in US. Pat. No. 2,658,875, to Cornelis et al.

In general, 2 1 layer-lattice aluminosilicate minerals or in alternative nomenclature, tripartite aluminosilicate minerals of the type concerned in the present invention, may be classified as either dioctahedral or trioctahedral, depending upon whether the number of cations per unit cell in the octahedral (or inner) layer is approximately four or six respectively. The foregoing structural formula is as stated an overall formula for a given preparation, and the fact that the number of such octahedral cations may vary from four to six in a continuousmanner in the formulation given does not mean that a single lamina is present having such an intermediate number of cations. In point of fact, the individual laminae are believed to be either dioctahedral or trioctahedral, and in a given preparation the relative proportions of the dioctahedral and trioctahedral species will give rise to the numerical values obtained in quantitatively characterizing the preparation in accordance with the foregoing formula. Where e in the formulation is intermediate between 2 and 3, accordingly, both 1 l and 3: 2 substitutions are present. Because of the extremely small particle size of the minerals in accordance with the invention, the exact physical nature of these mixed phase systems is uncertain. In any case, the products in accordance with the invention which are produced by simultaneously synthesizing both phases in place in a single reaction mixture to produce a mixed-phase mineral differ significantly from compositionally similar mixtures obtained by simply mixing together the separately synthesized dioctahedral and trioctahedral members.

It may be emphasized that each product made in accordance with the invention is a simple mineral species, even though it may contain two phases, because in the latter case the phases are believed to be interlaminated on a scale substantially that of the individual layer lattices. Any naturally occurring clay exhibiting this construction is generally referred to as a mixed-layer mineral.

The minerals in accordance with the invention are synthesized by a hydrothermal route, detailed examples of which will be given later. It will be observed that all such examples show the synthesis taking place in a heated aqueous mixture, as indeed is understood by those skilled in the art by the term hydrothermal synthesis. The procedure follows in a general way that set forth in the aforementioned US. Pat. No. 3,252,757, except that the cited patent does not relate to the inventive aluminosilicates, which contain additional elements, so that the reaction mixtures required in the present invention are substantially different. As will be evident from the structural formula already given, the reaction mixture of the hydrothermal synthesis includes a source of one or more multivalent cations other than aluminum and silicon. For example, for the case of nickel, this may be a relatively soluble compound,-such as for example, nickel acetate, nickel fluoride, nickel nitrate, and the like; or it may be a relatively insoluble nickel compound such as nickel hydroxide. It is of interest that in general the inclusion of soluble nickel salts in the reaction mixture tends to cause the nickel to occur predominantly in the trioctahedral phase, while relatively insoluble nickel compounds .promote its occurrence in the dioctahedral phase. The terms are well understood in the art, and a brief explanation in addition to that already given may be found on page 156 of the book by George Brown The X-Ray Identification and Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals, London 1961. The classical paper by Ross and Hendricks Minerals of the Montmorillonite Group," U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 205-B (1945) is helpful, particularly for its treatment of variation of the members of a given series of laminar aluminosilicate minerals.

For the other elements useful in practising the invention, such as cobalt, gallium, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, and so forth, as more fully listed hereinabove, the most commonly available simple inorganic and organic compounds thereof may in general be used, as will be evident to those skilled in the art. Specific examples will be given later.

Some specific examples of the synthesis of heavy metal aluminosilicates in accordance with the invention will now be given. From these examples, the general procedure will be clear. it may be noted that if one desires a higher or lower ratio of some particular se lected heavy metal to silicon, or a higher or lower ratio of aluminum to silicon in the final product, the relative proportions of these components in the reaction mixture should be adjusted accordingly. The various specific examples illustrate this.

For the sake of an orderly presentation of the examples, the first ones which follow illustrate the practice of the invention where nickel is the sole multivalent lattice cation besides aluminum and silicon. Later examples show other heavy metals and mixtures thereof.

Examples A and B are of interest as illustrating the effects of using a relatively insoluble nickel source on the one hand, as in Example A, and of using a relatively soluble nickel source on the other, as in Example B.

in Example A, the nickel occurs predominantly in the dioctahedral phase where it proxies for Al ln Example B, the nickel is predominantly in the trioctahedral phase. In both examples, more dioctahedral phase is present than trioctahedral, although more so in the case of Example A.

These examples follow:

EXAMPLE A 40 grams of commercial silicic acid (Fisher), assaying 79% Si'O were dispersed in 1 liter of distilled water. To this dispersion were added, with stirring, 70.8 g of AlCl 'ol-i O and 17.6 g NiCl '6l-l O. When solution of these chlorides was complete, ml of aqua ammonia (29% NH were then added to precipitate the hydroxides. The slurry was filtered and washed three times with water by reslurrying and refiltration. The final cake was dispersed in water, 3.0 g NaOH (previously dissolved in a small amount of water) added, and the slurry made up to 1 liter.

This slurry was placed in a Type 347 stainless steel Aminco superpressure bomb, with an inside diameter of 2 9/16 inches and an inside depth of 21 inches, equipped with a standard Aminco closure. Heating and stirring were furnished by a standard Aminco heating jacket mounted on a rocker assembly. The jacket temperature was controlled by an off-on device. The bomb was vented, at the boiling point of the contents and without rocking, until the air had been displaced from the vessel. The vent was then closed, rocking started, and the temperature allowed to climb to the control point, 285 C. At the end of the scheduled reaction time of 48 hours, heating was discontinued, and the autoclave and contents allowed to cool, with continued rocking. The product slurry, which had a pH of 6, was filtered and the cake redispersed in aqua ammonia and refiltered twice, followed by one such treatment with distilled water. The final filter cake was dried at C. it is estimated that in the final product, the unit cell parameters were w A; (or -l Ni/u.c.) and x 0.8 (i.e., up to 0.8 Al lV/u.c.), depending on the distribution of A1 between the lV-sites and the chargebalancing hydroxy-aluminum species.

EXAMPLE B 346 g of hydrated alumina, Al O -3H O (Alcoa C 31, 64.9% A1 0 were added with stirring to a polysilicic acid sol which was prepared by passing sodium silicate solution over hydrogenresin. The volume of sol was chosen so as to contain 317 g Slo 8.95 g of NH F-HF were then dissolved in this silicaalumina slurry. In a separate vessel, 19.] g of NiF -4H O were dispersed in 63.0 g of an ammonium hydroxide solution assaying 58.8% NH OH. This ammoniacal slurry was then added to the silica-alumina dispersion, with stirring. lf gel formation occurred, sufficient water was added to break the gel so that efficient stirring could continue. The final feed slurry, with a pH 8.5,. was charged to a 1- gallon stirred autoclave, heated quickly (1 l 1% hr.) until pressure line-out at 1,240 psig (300 C), and maintained at this T,P condition for 3 hours. The product was cooled in the pressure vessel, removed, sheared in a blender to insure homogeneity, and a small quan-' tity dried for analysis. The product slurry had a pH 7.4. The dried sample had a total nickel content of 1.30

percent (as Ni); the non-exchangeable Ni content was 1.2 percent. The sample gave an X-ray diffraction pattern typical of 2:1 layer-lattice silicates.

Pd was placed on the clay by adding to 1,535 g of product slurry a solution which contained 4.185 g of -(N1-I.,) PdCl dissolved in 125 ml of deionized water.

EXAMPLE C This synthesis was similar to Example B, described above, except that the proportions of the starting materials werealtered to yield a clay of approximately Ni content. The feed slurry was composed of 2,890 g of polysilicic acid sol (which contained 5.2% SiO 164 g Al O -3I-I O, 95.5 g NiF '4l-I O and 42.7 g of NH OH solution (which contained 47% NI-I Ol-I). The feed and product pH were 8.4 and 8.5 respectively. The total nickel content of the product was 1 1.1 percent (as Ni); the non-exchangeable nickel content was 9.9 percent. Pd was added as previously described; the finished catalyst contained 10.1% Ni and 0.8% Pd.

EXAMPLE D sufficient aqua ammonia was added to bring the slurry pH to 8. This pH adjustment was accomplished with 13 pounds of aqua ammonia, which contained 48% Nl-I OH. The final volume of slurry was about 75 gal.

After approximately 10 hr. of agitation, the feed slurry was pumped into a 100 gal jacketed autoclave, heated by electric heaters immersed in Dowtherm. The autoclave was sealed and heating started. After 12hr- 45 min., temperature lined out at 300 C and a pressure of 1,240 psig. The contents were maintained at these conditions for 4 hrs at which time drawdown through a quench condenser and expansion valve was started. Total time for discharge was 1 hr. A small sample was dried, examined and found to be a 2:1 layer-lattice aluminosilicate which contained 9.6% Ni. A portion of the product was retained as slurry for after-treatment by Pd impregnation as previously described.

EXAMPLE E 10 percent) and 33.3 gm of aqua ammonia (47% Nl-LOH) were added, in the order given. The resultant mixture was placed in a l-gal stainless steel stirred autoclave and heated quickly (1 92 hrs) to 300 C and 1,240 psig. The contents were maintained at these conditions for 5 4 hours. Heating was then discontinued and the product slurry 'cooled in the pressure vessel, removed, and oven-dried at 110 C.

While the products in accordance with the invention are well crystallized, the actual size of the crystal does not lend itself readily to characterization by the older methods of optical crystallography. Much more precise are the results obtained by x-ray diffraction, and by way of further characterization of the products in accordance with the invention, there follow tabulations of spacings and intensities obtained on a number of products in accordance with the invention. Tables I-IV inclusive show such x-ray diffraction data for two series of products made along the lines indicated in Examples B E inclusive.

3() The products tabulated in Table I consist, except at the end members, of mixed diand trioctahedral phases. The Ni-freeend member is pure dioctahedral; the Ni sample is pure" trioctahedral. In the intermediate range, the amount of trioctahedral phase in- 3 5 creases with the Ni/unit cell. The products summarized in Table III are pure trioctahedral.

In the series shown in Tables I and II, the aluminum content was held constant at one and one half atoms per unit cell while the nickel content was varied from 40 zero to six atoms per unit cell. A summary of the results obtained is given in Table l, with a more detailed tabulation in Table II. It will be understood that the first member of this series, in which no nickel is present at all is outside of the scope of the invention; the results are shown merely for comparative purposes.

In the series for which results are given in Tables Ill and IV, the nickel content was held constant at six atoms per unit cell, while the tetrahedral aluminum was varied from zero to two atoms per unit cell. Here again,

the first member of the series, containing no aluminum,

is outside of the scope of this invention and the results are included in the tabulation for comparative purposes. Table III is a summary, and Table IV shows the results in detail for each member of the series.

TABLE I SUMMARY Ni VARIABLE, x=1.5 d,A

Index Ni/u.c.:0 H8 1 001 l 1;02 4.46 4.46 4.50 l3;20 2.57 2.56 2.58 3l;l5.24 1.691 1.687 1.699

TABLE l Continued SUMMARY Ni VARIABLE, X=1.5 d,A

lndex* Ni/u.c.:O 1/8 1 2 3 4 5 6 1.502) 1.502) 1.500) hkl 131(Pr0b.) 2.453 2.45 2.453 2.42 2.466 2.47 2.51

Significant peaks only. See detailed tables for intensity data. Basal sequence may involve mixed layering. if so, indiccs would be mixed; e41. 003/004 Double! consisting of diand trioctahedral components.

" Probably intercalated acetate TABLE 11 Ni VARIABLE, x 1.5 (BASED ON STARTING COMPOSITION) Ni u.c

Probable d,A Index Height, mm Comment 1 1.8 001/001 172 Strong, Symmetrical 5.68 002/0020) 18 Weak, Symmetrical 4.46 1 1;02 148 5.5 mm,w/2* Strong, Asymmetrical 3.26 003/004 48 Symmetrical 2.56 13;20 65 Asymmetrical(band,2.31-2.62) 2.45 hit 36 Shoulder 2 065 00 18 Symmetrical 1 687 31;15,24 Asymmetrical 1 492 06 42 12mm. w at Slightly Asymmetrical wl2=half width at baseline. For asymmetrical peak, smaller distance w at hl2=width at half-height Ni= 1/u.c.

Probable (LA lndex Height, mm Comment 1 1.32A 001/001 140 Strong. well defined 5.34 002/002 1 1 Weak, Symmetrical 4.50 1 1;02 147 7.5mm w/2 Asymmetrical, Sharp 3.37 003/004 (7) 47 Symmetrical, broad 2.583 1320 102 Asymmetrical, Mod. sharp 2.453 hk 56 Symmetrical i?) 1.699 31;15;24 l7 Asymmetrical, broad 1.517) 06 2 (Doublet 1.517 is a shoulder on 1502) 414 (lowmngle side of 1.502

Ni 2/u.c.

Probable d,A lndex Height, mm Comment 11.32 001/001 135 Not well-defined 5.24 002/002 6 Symmetrical 4.48 11;02 122 6mm w/2 Strong, sharp, asymmetrical 3.34 003/004 Symmetrical, broad 2.57 13;20 93 Asymmetrical. Mod. sharp 2.42 hk Asymmetrical 1.67 31;15;24 13 1.522) 06 35 (Doublet about equal 1.502) 35 (heightg t iget. clioct.

Ni 3/u.c.

Probable d.A lndex Height. mm Comment 13.0 001/001* 190 May have intercalated acetate 4.48 1 1:02 1 1mm w/2 Asymmetrical 3.30 003/004* 40 Broad, symmetrical 2.576 13,20 96 Mod. sharp, asymmetrical 2.466 hk 61 ill-defined 1.691 31:15:24 15 Broad 1.520 06 53 (Doublet 1,500 A a shoulder 1.500

X L'nccrtain due to complications due to mixed layers.

(on high angle side of 1.520 (trioct.

TABLE 11- Continued Ni VARIABLE, x 1.5 (BASEQ on STARTINQ COMPOSlTlON) Ni=4lu.c.

Probable d,A Index Height, mm Comment 13.4 A 001/001 21)] lll-defined-- may have intercalated acetate 4.51) l l;()2 56 14mm w/Z Asymmetrical 3.26 ()0 38 Broad, symmetrical 2.511 1 3,21) 86 Asymmetrical 2.47 hk 58 Broad shoulder on 2.58 l 522 ()6 7 Asymmetrical 4 tailing toward high angle side N1 3 5/u c Probable d.A lndex Height. mm Comment 13.4 ()(11 2111) mm Uncertain height not well defined 4.55 l l;1)2 58 mm 9 mm w/Z Asymmetrical 3.24 00 45 Symmetrical 261 13,20 91) Asymmetrical hand head hand extends 2.64 1.97 1.524 (16 87 Asymmetrical tails toward high angle side Ni 6/u.c.

Probable d.A lndex Height, mm Comment 13.6 ()()1 192 Poorly defined may be intercalated acetate 4.54 l 1;()2 59 9 mm W/Z Asymmetrical 3.29 ()04 41) Very broad. symmetrical 2.5 13:21) 113 Broad. hand-head of band extending from 2.64 1.97 A 2.51 11k 84 Part of above hand 1.522 ()6 98 l4mm.width Mod. sharp asymm. tailing to high angle side l'nceitnin due to cumplications due in llllkLtl layers.

TABLE 111 SUMMARY Ni 6, x VARIABLE AL"/u.c. 1ndex* O h l 1.5 2

hkl

131(prob) 2.51 2.51 2.51

Significant peaks only. See detailed tables for intensity data. Basal Sequence may involve mixed-layering. if so, indices would be mixed; e.g., 003/004. Also, possible intercalation of acetate may affect 00.

" This particular sample, when oriented and glycol treated, gave an 001 of 17.7 A. M W

TABLE IV Ni 6, x VARIABLE x 2.0 (expectation value) Probable d,A Index Height, mm Comment 4.53 1 l;02 48.5 Asymmetrical 3.42 004 46 Broad, symmetrical 2.62 1.3;20 83 14 mm, w/2 Very broad, part of band extending from 2.64 A 1.97 2.51 hk 85 V. broad, part of same band. 1.526 06 78 16 mm, w at h/2 Moderately sharp; slightly asymmetric.

NOTE: 001 is not defined; slight trace of kaolinite-like phase at 7.08 A

TABLE lV-(ontinued Ni 6, x VARIABLE x 1.5 (expectation value) Probable d,A Index Height, mm Comment 136 001 192 Poorly defined. 4.54 l I;02 S9 9 mm, w/2 Asymmetrical 3.29 004 40 Very broad, symmetrical 2.58 13;20 83 Broad; part of band 2.51 ltk 84 extending from 2.64 1.97 A 1.522 06 98.5 14 mm, w at h/2 Moderately sharp; slightly asymmetric x 1.0 (expectation value) Probable d,A Index Height, mm Comment Well-defined on oriented slide; 13.4 001 191 poorly-defined on random slide. (expanded to 17.7 A w/glycol treatment) 4.56 l l;02 61 11 mm, w/2 Asymmetrical 3.32 004 41 Very broad, symmetrical 2.59 13,20 83 Asymmetrical band extending from 2.661 1.97 1.524 06 90 14 mm, w at h/2 Moderately sharp; slightly asymmetric.

x 0.5 (expectation value) Probable d,A Index Height, mm Comment 1 1.6 001/001 224 Strong, well defined.

4.55 l1;02 81 7 mm, w/Z Asymmetrical 3.25 003/004 57 Broad, symmetrical 2.62 l3;20 hk 84 Band-head listed. Band extends 2.64 1.97 A, asymmetrical. 1.522 06 114 9 mm, w at h/2 Sharp; slightly asymmetric Probable d,A Index Height, mm Comment 9.6 001 227 V.strong, well-defined, symm. 4.55 11;02 97 mm 8 mm, w/Z Asymmetrical 3.145 003 93 Moderately sharp, symm. 2.51 l3;20 106) Band (strongly asymm.) 2.27 22;04 47) 2.64 1.97 1.522 06 120 8 mm, w at h/2 Sharp, slightly asymmetric Uncertain due to complications due to mixed layers.

Returning now to Example A, as already noted, and as may be seen from the details set forth in the example, the nickel occurs predominantly in the dioctahedral phase. A tabulation of x-ray data for the product of Example A is set forth in Table 5, which follows.

height decreases, as the overall average Ni per unit cell varies over the range 0 to 6. In addition, reference is made to the attached drawing wherein the intensity of the trioctahedral 06 reflection, corrected for change in 45 the mass absorption coefficient as: Ni increases and Al TABLE V w 96 (ca. 1 Ni per unit cell) and x 0.8 (expectation value) Probable d,A Index Height, mm 1 Comment 12.0 001/001 100 lll-defined, symmetrical 4.45 I I;02 I34 8 mm, w/2 Sharp, asymmetrical 3.16 003/004 35 Broad, slightly asymmetrical 2.55 13;20 64 Broad, asymmetrical 1.686 3l;l5;24 15 Broad, asymmetrical 1.491 06 37 18 mm, w at h/2 Asymmetrical on Iowangle side increases, and the dioctahedral 06 l.505A) peak indicating a small amount of trioctahedral component decreases, is plotted as a function of the expected overall average level of Ni, i.e., the expected overall average Ni per unit cell based on feed composition. In the drawing, h(06 is the 06 peak height in chart units;p./p is the mass absorption coefficient and the Ni/unit cell is equal to 3w as defined in the formula given at the beginning of this specification. Note that the intensity is a linear function of Ni/u.c. and that the line extrapolates to zero intensity at zero nickel level. The line w in FIG. 1 is the best fit for the experimental points which represent values of x from 0.5 to 1.45 and values of 3w .of from 0 to 6. For this particular system, any amount of nickel added (within the compositional limits) crystallizes as a trioctahedral nickel silicate which may or may not contain 4-c0ordinated Al. Thus, in this system, any mixture of NiO and A1 0 which contains less than the amount of Ni required for 6 Ni- /u.c. will form mixed dioctahedral-trioctahedral phases.

As already stated, one of the principal fields of utility for products made in accordance with the invention is in the field of hydrocarbon conversion, such as for example catalytic cracking. In a series of cracking experiments in which cumene was passed over samples of the inventive preparations at 350 C., the results set forth in Table 6 were obtained. In this tabulation, the first 12 entries represent cumene cracking results on various preparations made along the general lines of Examples B-E inclusive. For each sample, the values of w and of x are given, based upon the structural formulation presented earlier in this specification. The last entry in Table 6 is for a preparation made in accordance with US. Pat. No. 2,658,875, cited hereinabove, and which results in a lattice which is chargebalanced, as already noted, and for which accordingly x equals zero. This preparation is termed nickel montmorillonite in the patent, although I consider that a more exact term is nickel talc.

The first column of figures in Table 6 gives the percent conversion, which is the volume percent conversion of cumene to all products corrected to 100 percent mass balance. The latter is the ratio of the mass of total products recovered to the mass of cumene fed, multiplied by 100. The experimental figures are given in the last column of Table 6.

The catalytic apparatus used was essentially a micro device, 2 microliters of cumene being slugged at a flow rate of an inert carrier gas of 0.5 cubic centimeters per second. The table shows two duplicate runs, from which the excellent reproducibility of the results may be judged.

This cracking test essentially determines the ability of the catalyst to crack the aliphatic side chain from the benzene ring. That the samples in accordance with the invention were highly successful in doing this is clear from the table. Also worthy of note is the remarkably low figure for the nickel talc shown in the last line of the table; this substance had no cumene cracking activity whatsoever at the temperature employed in the test.

TABLE VI Cumene Cracking Description of Sample Conversion Mass Balance,

w 1, X 1.5 100.0 32.6 Duplicate run 100.0 31.3 w =1, x 1.0 100.0 74.9 w =1, x 0.5 96.3 84.5 w =1, x 0.25 98.7 68.3 w=1,x=0.125 98.6 73.7 w 1, x 0.06 97.4 72.2 w=4/3,x=1.5 84.0 81.0 w 2, x 1.5 100.0 63.0 Duplicate run 100.0 71.7 w 2, x 1.0 94.0 54.9 w 2. x 0.5 100.0 48.7 US 2,658,875:

The foregoing examples have illustrated the employment of nickel in the inventive aluminosilicates. Next, a group of examples will follow showing other heavy metals used in accordance with the invention.

EXAMPLE F 40 grns silicic acid (assaying 79% SiO were dispersed in 1 liter of H 0. With continued stirring, 70.8 g AlCl 61-1 0 and 17.6 g cobalt chloride, CoCl 61-1 0, were dissolved in the silica slurry. At this point ml of aqua ammonia (29% NH were added to precipitate the mixed hydrous oxides. The slurry was fil tered and washed by redispersion and filtration through a total of three wash cycles. The filter cake was dispersed in water, 3.0 g NaOH dissolved in the dispersion, and the total volume made up to 1 liter. The pH at this point was 9.5.

The slurry was placed in a super-pressure bomb and heated, with rocking, at 285C. for 2 days. The pressure was 1,040 psi. After cooling, the bomb was opened and the product slurry filtered. The filter cake was washed (by redispersion and refiltration) twice with aqueous ammonia and once with water, and then dried in an oven at C.

EXAMPLE G 30.35 gm of ball-milled silicic acid (79% SiO and 6.00 gm of germanium oxide, GeO were dispersed in 1 liter of water. With continued stirring, 55.05 g of AlCl 6H O were dissolved in this silica-germania slurry. The hydrous oxide of aluminum was then precipitated by the addition of 75 ml of aqua ammonia (29% Nl-l This final slurry was filtered and washed with water by redispersion and filtration through three cycles. The filter cake was redispersed in H O, 1.80 g NaOH dissolved in the mixture, and the total volume brought to 1 liter by adding additional water. The slurry was charged to a super-pressure bomb and treated, with rocking, at 285 C. and 1,040 psi for 2 days. After cooling, the bomb contents were filtered and then washed, by redispersion and refiltration, twice with aqua ammonia and once with water. The final filter cake was dried in an oven at 110 C.

' persed in water and, with continued stirring, 70.8 g of AlCl 61-1 0 and 19.72 g chromium chloride, CrCl 61-1 0, were dissolved in the silica slurry. At this point, 75 ml of aqua ammonia (29% NH;,) were added to precipitate the hydrous oxides. This mixture of silica, chromia, and alumina was filtered and washed with water by redispersion and refiltration, through three cycles. The final filter cake was dispersed in water, 2.36 g of NaOH dissolved in the mixture, and the volume made up to 1 liter with additional water. The slurry was charged to the Aminco super-pressure bomb and treated at 285C. with 1,040 psi for 48 hours. After cooling, the product slurry was filtered and the cake washed twice with aqua ammonia and once with water, by the previously described redispersion technique. The final filter cake was dried in an oven at 110 C.

EXAMPLE 1 In a manner similar to Example H, a product was prepared from 40 g ball-milled silicic acid (79% SiO 70.8 g AlCl 611 20.19 g ferric chloride, FeCl 611 0; 75 ml aqua ammonia (29% NHa); 2.36 g NaOH; and sufficient water and additional ammonia to carry out the various operations.

EXAMPLE .I

EXAMPLE K 28.5 g S (as 500 g polysilicic acid gel) were dispersed in 200 ml water and 21.6 g A1 0 3H O (commercial Alcoa C-33 alumina trihydrate) added, with continued stirring, to give a silica-alumina slurry. 12.1 g zinc silicofluoride, ZnSiF 61-1 0, were dissolved in 100 ml water and added to the above slurry, again with vigorous stirring. Finally, 1.03 g NI-I F were dissolved in 2.5 ml H 0 and added to the mixture, also with stirring. The small beaker containing the NH F solution was rinsed into the mixture with additional water. The volume of this final mixture was brought to 1,000 ml with additional water; the pH at this point was 6. 900 ml of the mixture were charged to the super-pressure bomb and treated at 300 C. and 1,240 psig for 2 days. After cooling the product was filtered, washed with water, and dried in an oven at 110 C.

EXAMPLE L 500 g of polysilicic acid gel which contained 28.5 g S10 were dispersed in 250 ml of water, together with 21.8 g of A1 0 31111 0, (commercial Alcoa C-33 alumina trihydrate). In a separate vessel, 1.03 g NI-I F, 2.5 ml aqua ammonia (29% N11 and 3.53 g ammonium paratungstate were dissolved in 450 ml of water with vigorous stirring. The paratungstate was slow to dissolve and as this solution was added to the silicaalumina slurry, with stirring, it was noted that some undissolved paratungstate was present. The total volume was brought to 1,350 ml with additional water (at this point the pH 9), and 1,000 ml were charged to the super-pressure bomb and treated at 300 C. and 1,240 psig for 2 days. After cooling, the product slurry pH was 7.7. The slurry was filtered, washed with water, and the filter cake dried in an oven at 110 C. so

EXAMPLE M In a manner similar to Example K, a mineral was synthesized from: 500 g polysilicic acid gel (containing 28.5 g S10 10.5 g magnesium silicofluoride, MgSiF EXAMPLES N, o, P, o, R

These five examples constitute a series of increasing magnesium content. The manner of preparation was the same for all five examples, except for the quantities of aluminum chloride, sodium chloride, and sodium hydroxide. The procedure was as follows:

To 40 g of diatomaceous earth (Celite 521) dispersed in 1 liter of distilled water, there were added, with stirring, A g of AlCl 611 O, and B g of MgCl, 6 H O. After solution was complete, 150 ml of aqua ammonia 29% N11 were added with continued stirring, to precipitate the hydrous oxides. The resultant SiO -Al- O MgO slurry was filtered and washed until free of Cl ion, redispersed in H O to a total volume of l liter, and C g of NaOl-I, dissolved in a minimum amount of water, added with stirring. This final mixture was charged to an Aminco superpressure bomb and heated, with rocking, at 285C. for 2 days. After cooling, the bomb was opened and the product slurry filtered. The filter cake was washed (by redispersion and refiltration) twice with aqueous ammonia and once with water and then dried in an oven at C.

The various values of A, B, and Cfollow:

Example A, g B, g C, g a g N 96.4 0 3.2 0 0 92.0 19.3 3.8 1 P 69.0 38.7 3.8 2 O 46.0 58.0 3.8 3 R 23.0 77.4 3.8 4

The foregoing examples all correspond to the series:

7 SiO (5 a) AI(OH) a MgO wherein a varies from zero to 4, as given in the above tabulation.

The number of products selected from the foregoing examples were tested for catalytic cracking activity. The following tabulation shows the results of dimethylbutane cracking at 525 C.

Extremely active catalyst. Products contained only C, CH 11,. Nature of products put run outside the scope of the DMB method. Note: Catalyst pretreatment did not include steam deactivation.

The succeeding tabulation shows the results of cetane cracking tests at 500 C.

TABLE VIII Conv. Gaso. Vol H liters STI gm Coke Example Metal 500C. Conv. per gm Cetane Cracked gm Cetane Cracked A Ni 79.5 0.202 0.410 0.282 .1 Cu 40.6 0.436 0.14 N Al 65.9 0.517 0.0055 0.0094 0 Mg 68.4 0.570 0.0500 P Mg 34.9 0.896 0 Mg 3.8 1.0 R Mg 69.4 0.527

1.03 g Nlrhl; 2.5 ml M1 011; and sufficient waler to bring final volume to 1,300 ml. 1,000 ml were charged to the bomb and treated hydrothermally at 300 C., for 2 days. The product was filtered, washed with water, and dried in an oven at 110 C.

EXAMPLES S, T, U, V, W

These five examples constitute a series of similar preparations in which cobalt and mixtures of nickel and cobalt were included in the preparations. The general procedure was the same for all examples in this group and consisted of mixing the starting materials specified below in the proportions given, mixing thoroughly, and charging into a silver lined, 15 ml capacity stainless known to those skilled in the art. Of particular help in this instance would be pertinent subject matter in the text by G. Brown, cited hereinabove. The material being examined should be substantially free of accessteel autoclave. This was sealed and heated in a furnace 5 sory ph at 350 C. for 24 hours. At the end of this period, the It i th c s ary to obtain a total analysis of the autoclave was removed, quenched in d water, and sample, expressed as the oxides of the cations in their the Contents l'emoved- The Pmduet Slurry was mixed original oxidation states. Suitable analytical methods with deionized water with agitation and then filtered are discussed in Furman, N. l-I., Ed. Scotts Standard and washed until free of chloride ion. The filter cake 1 Methods f Chemical Analysis, 6th 13 v was dri d at 60 C- n g g and studied y trand, New York (1962), Vol. 1, Chapter 41. 1f fluoride y and infrared P q is present the percent oxides plus percent fluoride is The followmg mateflals were Used? corrected by subtracting the percentage of fluoride ion A of 21133 C z Solutlon, multiplied by the quotient of the equivalent weight of B m1 of 3-085 F Nlclz sollltlon, oxygen ion divided by the equivalent weight of fluoride C ml of 2,390 Alcls Solution, ion. Adequacy of the analysis is indicated if this cor- D m1 of -09 F NaOH 50114100, In some rected total lies between 99.5 percent and 100.5 percases, E ml of N NaOI-I solutlon), cent. The analysis is recalculated as charge equivalents F gms f FISheT $111610 aeld 2 O-635 2 and (i.e., cation equivalents X cation charge), normalized G m1 delonlled Water to charges per 44 charges (the negative charge per unit *Formula weight/liter of solution; Formality X milliliters millimoles;' cell of the oxygen hydroxyl framework of the layer all aqueous solutions made with deionized water.

The various values of A B, C D E F, and G for the s1l1cates) and finally expressed as cat1ons p er un1t cell examples are given below, (e.g., the s1l1con charges per 44 charges d1v1ded by the Example A, ml B, ml C, ml D, ml E, ml F, g G, ml

8 9.04 16.76 17.2 4.76 8.4 r 27.12 8.4 19.9 4.28 1.6 u 1.13 080 16.2 12.2 5.11 16.8 v 4.52 3.22 16.76 17.2 5.23 5.9 w 13.6 9.65 8.4 18.2 4.71 1.6

Structural investigations by X-ray diffraction and incharge of the silicon cation). These cations are then frared spectroscopy gave the following results for the distributed over the tetrahedral and octahedral layers products obtained: in accord with the tabulated lists of cations falling into TABLE IX 001 spacing 06 spacing Wt 06 Sp. Wt. Ex. Co/u.c. Ni/u.c. x A trioct, A Fac. dioct., A Fac.

S 2 nil 4/3 14.5 1.531 390 1.495 320 T 6 nil 2 14.7 1.538 1090 n.p.* U 025 0.25 1/3 11.2 n.p. 1.488 680 v 1 1 4/3 12.6 1.526 410 1.489 260 w 3 3 2 13.2 1.531 1220 n.p.

n,p.: not present.

In Table IX, the second and third columns give the the categories G, Y, Q, and R. In this way the values of number of atoms of cobalt and nickel respectively per 5 the various subscripts in the general formula can be obunit cell. The value of x given refers to the general tained. Examples of this technique, a statement of the structural formula given near the beginning of this rules for cation distribution, and a discussion of the unspecification. The 001 spacing was determined by certainties involved and the meaning of the results can X-ray diffraction, and the trioctahedral'and dioctahebe found in Kelly, W. P., Interpretation of chemical dral 06 spacings were likewise thus determined. The analyses of clays, Clays and Clay Technology, weight factor expresses the relative preponderance of Bulletin 169 of the California Division of Mines the two phases. (1955), pp. 92-94; and Osthaus, B. B., Interpreta- It will be helpful to outline a procedure by which it tion of chemical analyses of montmorillonite, same may be determined if a given preparation falls within reference, pp. 95 -100. V the scope of the inventive compositions, with particular An illustrative example follows. This particular exreference to the formulation set forth hereinabove and ample has been selected to include the complexities in the claims. arising from mixed diand trioctahedral phases, mixed First, x-ray diffraction must establish the material in 1:1 and 3:2 substitution octahedrally, and mixed 4- question to be a 2:1 layer silicate by procedures well and 6-fold coordinated aluminum ion.

. Charges Cation Charge 44 Cations Analysis Equiv. Equiv. Charges U.C. Distribution 810, 50.59 0.842 3.37 27.59 6.90 Tet: si,6.90 A|,o, 23.33 0.458 1.37 11.25 3.75 Al.l.l0 1.10- MD 16.86 0.226 0.451 3.70 1.85 Oct: Al,2.65 (Ni-1,),0 4.61 0.177 0.177 1.45 1.45 Ni,1.85 0.35- F 2.09 0.110 1.45- H,O 3.41 lnterlayer:

100.89 5.369 43.99 NH 1.45 1.45+ P 0 0.88

Corr. Total 100.01

From the tabulated calculation, as in the general formula is 1.10, 3w is 1.85, and ew =4 2.65 1.35, so that e 2.19. Thevalue of f can be obtained by noting that F/Si =f/(8 x) 0.131. Since x 1.10,f= 0.90. The coefficient, d, of the amount of exchange ion (N11,) is 1.45. Therefore, the average formula for this example is LHS IJO 20 OB] F.Si R =f/(8 x), it can be shown that x 8R3/ 1 3 1 as) w (8 x)/3R e (4 3 )/w a d (if exchange cation is monovalent) x (e 2)3w Once at is obtained from the ratios and eq (1), w can be calculated according to eq. (2), e from eq (3) with x and w; and finally d from eq. (4). From the analysis given, R 1.84; R 2.73; and R 0.131. From the distribution given, R 0.416. Thus, x 1.10; w 0.6l7,e 2.19, and d 1.45 from equations 1 through 4, in good agreement with the values obtained by the distribution procedure. The value of f can be recovered from R, as shown above. This calculation is presented simply to show the validity of equations 1 through 4. Given such validity, any analytical method or combination of methods that provides accurate values of the required ratios will give the correct values of x, w, e, and d.

From the foregoing examples, it is apparent that a general method of producing the laminar l 1 layer lattice aluminosilicate mineral of this invention can be described in the following manner. To a dispersion of amorphous silica in water is added, with stirring, suitable sources of the ions G, Y, Q, and R, (note that silicon is the predominant part of Such sources are the hydrous oxides and simple inorganic and organic salts of the ions listed in the tables of ionic radii, which were presented hereinabove. If a salt is used, it is convenient, but not necessary, to choose anions which either enter lattice positions (for example, fluoride or silicofluoride) or are readily removed from the product by calcination (for example, acetate and nitrate). Alternatively, anions may be selected which result in soluble by-products which can be removed from the feed slurry or alternatively from the product by filtration and washing. However, the filtration rates of layer aluminosilicates are low and largescale production filtration of the product is best avoided.

Once the mixture of silica and G, Y, Q, and R is ob- 5 tained, within the compositional limits stated hereinabove, the appropriate amount of charge-balancing cation C is added, conveniently as the hydroxide or fluoride or mixtures of both. As stated hereinabove, C may be selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, heavy metal, heavy metal partial hydroxy, ammonium, substituted ammonium, substituted phosphonium, and the like cations and mixtures thereof. It is preferred that C be ammonium.

This final feed mixture is then charged to a pressure vessel and heated under at least autogenous pressure at a temperature generally inthe range 250 to 350 C. In general, the tirn e for crystallization of the product decreases with increase in temperature. However, the pressure increases with temperature and the higher temperatures require massive reaction vessels. A convenient temperature is 300 C, which in an aqueous system results in a pressure of 1,240 psig. At the end of the crystallization time, the product slurry can be'cooled by any convenient means (for example, discharge through a quench condenser and a throttling valve to atmospheric pressure). The product can be recovered by direct drying of the slurry if the unwanted anions present are thermally decomposable, or by filtration, washing, and drying if these anions are not thermally decomposable but are present as soluble by-products. The product can then be further treated by whatever processing is required by the intended end use. For example, the product can be exchanged to the ammonium form, dried, at for example 105 to 180 C, and then if desired calcined, for example, at 400 to 700 C. It then is suitable for many catalytic operations, such as hydrocarbon cracking. Of course, if the temperature during the catalytic procedure is high, for example within the exemplary calcination range just given, then calcination need not be a separate step, as it occurs automatically. For other catalytic operations, the ammonium exchange, the drying, or the calcining, or all three, may be variously omitted.

It will be understood that while 1 have explained the invention with the aid of numerous specific examples, nevertheless considerable variation is possible in choice of raw materials, proportions, processing conditions, and the like, within the broad scope of the invention as set forth in the claims which follow llaving described the invention, I claim:

1. A laminar 2:1 layer-lattice aluminosilicate min-,,

eral possessing an inherent negative charge balanced by cations exterior to said lattice and corresponding to the following formula for a given embodiment:

wherein said first bracket represents said layer-lattice unit cell formulation and said second bracket represents said charge balancing cations; and wherein G is at least 0.8 mol fraction aluminum ion, the remainder consisting of trivalent metal cations having an ionic radius not to exceed 0.75 A;

Y is selected from the class consisting of divalent metallic ions having an ionicradius not to exceed 0.75 A and mixtures thereof;

Q is at least 0.95 mol fraction silicon ions, the remainder consisting of tetravalent ions having an ionic radius not to exceed 0.64 A;

R is selected from the group consisting of trivalent ions having an ionic radius not to exceed 0.64 A and mixtures thereof; and

C is at least one charge-balancing cation, with y being its valence and d being the number of such cations C where:

2. A mineral in accordance with claim 1 wherein said remainder of G is selected from the class consisting of chromium, cobalt, gallium, iron, manganese, rhodium, and scandium, and mixtures thereof.

3. A mineral in accordance'with claim 1 wherein said Y is selected from the class consisting of beryllium, c-

balt, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, and zinc, and.

and M is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, ammonium, alkali metal cations, multivalent metal cations other than aluminum, and partial hydroxides of multiv'alent metal cations, and n is the unsatisfied valence of M.

9. A mineral in accordance with claim 1 wherein said C is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, heavy metal, heavy metal partial hydroxide, ammonium, substituted ammonium, and substituted phosphonium cations and mixtures thereof.

10. The mineral in accordance with claim 1 wherein said mineral has been prepared by a process of hydro thermal synthesis. 1

11. The mineral in accordance with claim 8 wherein said mineral has been prepared by a process of hydrothermal synthesis.

12. The process of producing a laminar 2 1 layer lattice alurninosilicate mineral in accordance with claim 1 which comprises the steps of: 7 W

preparing an aqueous mixture consisting essentially of water and compounds furnishing said G, said Y, said Q, said R, said 0, said OH, said F, and said C in the approximate proportions set forth in claim 1 with selected values of the variables therein;

maintaining said aqueous mixture at a temperature of between about 280 C. and about 310 C. for a time sufficient for said mineral to form and under a pressure at least equal to the vapor pressure of said mixture at the selected temperature; and subsequently recovering said mineral.

13. The process in accordance with claim 12 wherein said G is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, gallium, rhodium, scandium, and mixtures thereof.

14. The process of producing a hydrocarbon cracking catalyst which comprises the steps of placing a mineral in accordance with claim 1 into its ammonium exchange form, and thereafter calcining said mineral.

15. The process in accordance with claim 14 in which said calcination takes place at a temperature within the range of about 400 C. to about 700 C. 

1. A LAMINAR 2:1 LAYER-LATTIC ALUMINOSILICATE MINERAL POSSESSING AN INHERENT NEGATIVE CHARGE BALANCED BY CATIONS EXTERIOR TO SAID LATTIC AND CORRESPONDING TO THE FOLLOWING FORMULA FOR A SIVEN EMBODIMENT:
 2. A mineral in accordance with claim 1 wherein said remainder of G is selected from the class consisting of chromium, cobalt, gallium, iron, manganese, rhodium, and scandium, and mixtures thereof.
 3. A mineral in accordance with claim 1 wherein said Y is selected from the class consisting of beryllium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, and zinc, and mixtures thereof.
 4. A mineral in accordance with claim 1 wherein said remainder of Q is germanium.
 5. A mineral in accordance with claim 1 wherein said R is selected from the class consisting of aluminum, cobalt, gallium, iron, chromium, and manganese, and mixtures thereof.
 6. A mineral in accordance with claim 1 wherein said Y is nickel.
 7. A mineral in accordance with claim 1 wherein said Y is cobalt.
 8. A mineral in accordance with claim 1 wherein said second bracket has the composition (a Mn+ b A1(OH)3 zz) wherein an + bz dy x + 3(e - 2)w and M is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, ammonium, alkali metal cations, multivalent metal cations other than aluminum, and partial hydroxides of multivalent metal cations, and n is the unsatisfied valence of M.
 9. A mineral in accordance with claim 1 wherein said C is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, heavy metal, heavy metal partial hydroxide, ammonium, substituted ammonium, and substituted phosphonium cations and mixtures thereof.
 10. The mineral in accordance with claim 1 wherein said mineral has been prepared by a process of hydrothermal synthesis.
 11. The mineral in accordance with claim 8 wherein said mineral has been prepared by a process of hydrothermal synthesis.
 12. The process of producing a laminar 2 : 1 layer lattice aluminosilicate mineral in accordance with claim 1 which comprises the steps of: preparing an aqueous mixture consisting essentially of water and compounds furnishing said G, said Y, said Q, said R, said O, said OH, said F, and said C in the approximate proportions set forth in claim 1 with selected values of the variables therein; maintaining said aqueous mixture at a temperature of between about 280* C. and about 310* C. for a time sufficient for said mineral to form and under a pressure at least equal to the vapor pressure of said mixture at the selected temperature; and subsequently recovering said mineral.
 13. The process in accordance with claim 12 wherein said G is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, gallium, rhodium, scandium, and mixtures thereof.
 14. The process of producing a hydrocarbon cracking catalyst which comprises the steps of placing a mineral in accordance with claim 1 into its ammonium exchange form, and thereafter calcining said mineral.
 15. The process in accordance with claim 14 in which said calcination takes place at a temperature within the range of about 400* C. to about 700* C. 